A Quantitative Morphologic Analysis of the Rat's Liver in the Postnatal Period

Quantitative morphological or histological features within the hepatic acinus were studied to determine the proportional difference of tissue components by regions or zones in different ages in the male albino rat of the Sprague-Dawley strain. In the newborn rat, weighing about 6 gm. there were lesser cytoplasmic and greater nuclear volumes per unit volume of the hepatic cell than for these components of the hepatic cells of the adult rat weighing about 160 gm. No difference between the volume occupied by the hepatic sinusoid per unit volume of the hepatic acinus was found. In the newborn rat the ratio of hits on cytoplasm of the hepatic cell to hits on nuclei of the hepatic cell throughout the zones of the hepatic acinus was fairly uniform. However, the hepatic sinusoid of Zone 3 or the pericentral area was wider than that of the other zones. In the adult rat the ratio of hits on cytoplasm to hits on nuclei of the hepatic cell throughout the zones of the hepatic acinus was not significantly different. However, the hepatic sinusoid of Zone 3was wider than that of Zone 2 and the sinusoid of Zone 3 was not significantly different from that of Zone 1 in volume. Consequently it was concluded that the quantitative morphological or histological features of hepatic tissue components conformed to the points of regions or zones of the hepatic acinus in different ages in the normal albino rat.

On the Effect of Morphine Hydrochloride on the Mesenteric Mast cells of Albino Rats

Histological studies were carried out on the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of white rats caused by injections of morphine and nalorphine hydrochloride intravenously and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. By the injection of morphine hydrochloride fairly significant degranulation of the mesenteric mast cell was observed. 2. In various experimental doses of morphine hydrochloride the cytological change of the degranulation was not proportional to the doses of it in cases given more than 12mg./kg. of body weight. 3. The degranulating effect of the mesenteric mast cell by the injection of morphine hydrochloride was significantly inhibited by an adrenalectomy.

Cholinesterase and Acid phosphatase in the Rabbit's Retinae Fo11owing Severance of the Optic nerve

Group totalling 55 young rabbits (both sexes), whose right optic nerves had been severed intraorbitally, were fed for 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks respectively. The retina of the left eye was used as a control and that of the right eye for the experiment. The histochemical changes of cholinesterase, acid phosphatase and ribonucleic acid in the reitna after to severance of the optic nerve were observed for 8 weeks after section. In the retina of the young rabbit, whose visual connection to the central nervous system was blocked, there was a decreasing specific cholinesterase activity beginning at the 4th week after the section of it. By the 8th week, the enzyme activity in the perikaryon of the ganglion cell and the inner plexiform layer was considerably decreased. Acid phosphatase activity in the young rabbit's retina peaked at the 2nd week, but decreaseed below normal after the 4th week. This rapid decline of acid phosphatase activity was characteristic in the experimental retinae and was in contrast to the rather slow alteration of enzymatic activity in neurons undergoing wallerian degeneration. Pyroninophilic granules contained in neural cytoplasm of the retina were affected by the surgical blocking of the visual connection with the central nervous system. By the 4th week the granules had partially disappeared from the perikaryon of the ganglion cell and from the inner nuclear layer. Consequently, as the result of histochemical studies, firstly it is postulated that the gradual decline of specific cholinesterase activity in the rabbit's retina was closely related to the intraorbital blocking of the optic nerve, and secondly, that the typical degeneration of the ganglion cell in the ganglion cell layer (which was associated with a partial disappearance of the ganglion cell) was related to the changes in the acid phosphatase activity and alteration of the pyroninophilic granules in the retina following optic nerve transection.

Mast Cell Degranulation with Special Reference to the Effect of Lipid Administration upon the Mesenteric Mast Cell of Albino Rats

Morphological effects of degranulation upon me-senteric mast cells of albino rats (SPrague-Dawley strain) by means of lipid administration were studied. An evident degranulation of metachromatic granules from mesenteric tissue mast cells was observed in more than half of experimental rats which were intraperitoneally given 10cc of stearic monoglyceride suspension in warm Tyrode solution (5Omg. of stearic monoglyceride in 10cc of Tyrode solution). A fairly light degranulation of metachro-matic granules from mesenteric mast cells was also displayed by the rats fed ad libitum with butter for 6 hours after being deprived of food for 24 hours.

On the Degranulation of Mesenteric Mast Cells Caused by Antihistamine in Albino Rats: Effects of Various Dosages of Antihistamine

Degranulation of the mast cell has been reported by the injection of histamine liberators and other chemical agents. Chlorpheniramine maleate (1.2mg./kg. and 0.3mg./kg. comprising 1/74and 1/290 of LD50 respectively), which is an antihistamine agent, in physiological saline solution for intravenous injection and in Tyrode solution for intraperitoneal injection were given in single dose. The mesenteric mast cells stained in Pugh solution, as applied by Lee (1968), were counted according to the classification of An (1964) in 4 types; the typical normal mast cell, the Grade I type of mast cell, the Grade II type of mast cell and the Grade III type of mast cell. In the experimental rats given 1.2mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine intravenously, more mesenteric mast cells were s1ightly degranulated than those cells of the rats given 0.3mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine and the control rats. In the experimental rats given 1.2mg./kg. and 0.3 mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine intraperitoneally, more mesenteric mast cells were slightly degranulated than those cells of the control rats. However, in this intraperitoneal study the degree, or severity, of degranulation of the mesenteric mast cell was not in direct proportion to the dosage of this antihistamine. Consequently it is deduced that the experimental dosage of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine maleate, applied 1/74 and l/290 of LD50, caused an evient degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats associated with probable histamine liberation.

The Development of the Ruminal Ulcer in the Albino Rats Fed with Low Protein Diet associated with Rocking Stress

The pathological changes of the gastric rumen produced by rocking stress in 38 young male albino rats fed on low protein diet for a short period and in 20 young male albino rats fed on low protein diet only as the control rats, were investigated macroscopically and histologically. The ulcerative lesions of the gastric rumen were observed in 17 out of 38 experimental rats accompanied with hyperplasia and cornification of the ruminal epithelial layer and more or less edematous changes of the tunica propria near the ulcer site. The authors, finding of the ruminal ulcer in albino rats produced by rocking stress associated with feeding on a low protein diet for a short period were compared with the results of others. The authors discussed other opinions concerning of the gastric ruminal ulcer of the albino rats produced in various ways.

A Histochemical Study of Cholinesterase Activity in Rabbit's Retinae

In the present study the specific and nonspecific cholinesterase activities of the rabbit's retinae in the fetus, the neonatal, the light-isolated, and the reopened group, which consisted of 65 healthy young rabbits, weighing about 300 to 500 gm, 33 rabbit's fetuses, and neonatal rabbits, were histochemically ovserved by means of the cholinesterase method recommended by Gerebtzoff (1953) and the embedding and sectioning method pesented by Koelle and Friedenwald (1950). Cholinesterase activity of the retinae in the 15 days fetuses was not present but began to develop in the 20 days fetuses. In the 1 week group after suturing the eyelids, the most remarkable activity of specific and nonspecific cholinesterase was observed in the posterior polar area. The nearer to the peripheral area of the retina the weaker the enzymetic activities became. In the 2 weeks group after suturing eyelids, the enzymatic activity was reduced. In the 4, and 8weeks groups after suturing the eyelides, the enzymatic activities were remarkably reduced. In the l4 days after reopening eyelide, which group has previously been kept under the condition of light isolation for 4 weeks, enzymatic activities were fairly recovered and compared with the normal control group. Consequently it is histochemically deduced that the gradual change of specific cholinesterase activities in the rabbit's retinae was closely related to the visual function.

Effect of Cortisone and X-ray Irradiation on Mast Cells of the Adrenalectomized Albinor Rats

The effects of cortisone administration and whole body irradiation by X-ray upon mesenteric mast cells of intact and adrenalectomized albino rats were studied. In intact rats, the administration of cortisone (50mg./kg) and whole body irradiation by X-ray (800r) caused severe degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells within 24 hours. However their degranulation and disrupting effects upon mesenteric mast cells were markedly inhibited after the removal of the adrenal gland. Although the adrenalectomy alone hardly caused these morphological changes of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats. According to this experiment it is fairly clear that the effects of cortisone and whole body X-ray irradiation inducing degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats, were not direct phenomena but they indirectly affected the mesenteric mast cells through some special mechanism mediated by the adrenal gland.

The Histochemical Changes of Cholinesterase Activity in Rabbit's Retinae at Early Postnatal Stages

The authors studied histochemically the enzymatic sites of retinal cholinesterase activity in the albino rabbit during different early postnatal periods. The retinae of young rabbits weighing approximately 60gm. whose palpebrae were still fused and unable to function for sight, and of rabbits weighing approximately 300gm. which were able to see, were obtained immediately after killing the animals by the intravenous injection of air or by decapitation and fixed in formalin-sucrose ammonia fixative, as recommended by Pearson (1963), for about 24 hours and incubated in the substrate containing acetylthiocholine, iodide, as presented by Gerebtzoff (1953), at 37degrees C. for 2 to 3 hours. After the treatment of the retinae, as devised by Koelle and Friedenwald (1950), the retinae were sectioned at 5 micra and mounted both without counterstaining and after counterstaining with hematoxylin alone. In young rabbits weighing approximately 60gm., moderate cholinesterase activity was observed only in the ganglion cells of the retinae and slight enzymatic activity was faintly apparent in the layer of the optic nerve fibers. No enzymatic activity was recognized in the remaining layers of the retinae. In rabbits weighing approximately 300gm. the retinae showed different enzymatic distribution compared to the former. The cholinesterase activity was diversely distributed compared to the former and was localized in the inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, and the ganglion cells showing moderate to slight activity.

Mast Cell Degranulation with Special Reference to the Effect of a Saponin Extract of Ginseng upon the Mesenteric Mast Cell of Albino Rats

Water extract of dried ginseng, which is known as a histamine liberator and induces degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells, is thought to contain many different chemical factors. The essential component, a saponin extract of dried ginseng, was obtained and administered to albino rats. Even minute amounts (l mg in 0.0l cc of normal saline solution) when locally injected into the mesentery of albino rats caused degranulation of mesenteric mast cells. Degranulation of mesenteric mast cells followed the intraperitoneal injection of a crude water extract, of an alcohol extract of dried ginseng, and a direct injection of both extracts into the connective tissue of mesentery. This degranulation is believed to be a saponin fraction of ginseng in the ginseng extracts.

A Histological(Histochemical) Study of the Structural and Functiona1 Unit of the Liver of the Mouse II. On the Distribution of Succinic Dehydrogenase

The hepatic structural and functional unit of the mouse was demonstrated by the relative enzymatic activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the hepatic parenchyma, empIoying the method for succinic dehydrogenase of Nachlas et al. (1957), using Nitro-BT to frozen sections of about 1O micra. In the hepatic structure of the mouse, three different geometricaI areas were classified: the perivascular area of the portal stem, which continued into the preter- minal portal branch; the area of the preterminal portal vein, and the area of the terminal portal twig, this being considered to be the real functional unit, which extends into the neighbouring hepatic lobule according to the pattern of distribution or activity of succinic dehydrogenase. The hepatic parenchyma, which showed strong succinic dehydrogenase activity, was considered to correspond with the heavily loaded parenchymal area with mitochondria, according to the previous observa-tions of hepatic mitochondria in the mouse, as presented by the author (1961). The periphera1 areas or zones, including the pericentral area around a central vein, of the real functional hepatic unit, which was described by Rappaport et al. (1954) and others, showed less activity of succinic dehydrogenase, and the perivascular areas of branches of the hepatic vein reacted weakly. Acknowledgments: This work was carried out With the help of grants from the Research Committee Of Yonsei University College of Medicine and With a supply of chemicals from the China Medical Board. I wish to thank Dr. K. D. Choi, Department of Anatomy for helpful encouragement.

Histological Studies on the Degranulation of Mesenteric Mast Cells of the Rat by Water Extracts of Ginseng

Ever since Fujidani made his report in 1905, many workers have studied the chemical components of Panax Ginseng and their effects on depression of blood pressure. Ri1ey (1952) and other workers have demonstrated the degranulation of mast cells in experimental animaIs treated with some histamine liberators, and the existence of a histamine liberator in the water extract of ginseng has been demonstrated by pharmacological assay by Lee et aI (1960). This present study was intended observe the disruption and degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of rats administered the water extract of ginseng, which might contain the histamine liberator. Variab1e doses of the water extract were injected intraperitoneally, and the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells was histologically demonstrated by means of toluidin blue, Giemsa, May-Gr nwa1d and Wright's stains. Degranulation began in the experimental group given 4ml of the extract mixed with 16cc. of Tyrode solution; the severity of degranulation increased probably with the dose of the extract, and extreme degranulation took place in the groups injected with dose of 6 or 8ml of the extract.

A Histological Study of the Structural and Functional Unit of the Liver of the Mouse: I. on the Distribution of Mitochondria

The hepatic structural and functional unit of the mouse was demonstrated by quantitative distribution of mitochondria in preparations which were cut serially 5 micra thick after embedding in paraffin and stained with Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin. In the hepatic structure of the mouse there were three different geometrical areas: the perivascular area of the portal stem, which continued to the preterminal portal branch, of the preterminal vein and of the terminal portal twig, which were considered to be the real functional unit and extended into the neighbouring hepatic lobules. Mitochondria of the hepatic cells were contained in the perivascular portion adjacent to the portal vessels and were deposited less toward the peripheral portion of the portal vessels. The pericentral area of the central vein in the hepatic lobule or the structural unit, and the perivascular area of the sublobular vein corresponded to the peripheral zone of the actual functional unit described above.

A Histological and Histochemical Study of the Glands of von Ebner in the Human Tongue Additional Report: on the Staining Properties of the Mucous Cells

Although the glands of von Ebner have been believed to be purely serous glands, they may be of the mixed type in some cases. In order to ascertain the occurrence of mucous cells in the glands and to study the staining properties of them, the authors obtained 23 vallate papillae from 7 Korean adult tongues, cut them serially and stained them with the hematoxylin and eosin, mucicarmine, mucihematein, toluidin blue or ferric mannitol technic. Observing numerous glands of von Ebner opening into the furrows of 23 vallate papillae, the authors found 9 glandular lobules of the mixed type belonging to 8 Vallate papillae (2 lobules out of 9 belonged to one papilla). The mucous cells in the mixed glandular lobules of the glands showed mucin reactions with mucicarmine and mucihematein, and revealed a typical metachromatism by toluidin blue and safranin O.

A Histological Study of the Blood Vessels in the Rabbit Spleen

No abstract available.

A Histological and Histochemical Study of the Glands of von Ebner in the Human Tongue

No abstract available.